Court_NN1 Circular_NN1 By_II JOHN_NP1 LICHFIELD_NP1 BUCKINGHAM_NP1 PALACE_NN1 30_MC September_NPM1 :_: The_AT Princess_NN1 Royal_JJ this_DD1 morning_NNT1 visited_VVD Hampshire_NP1 and_CC was_VBDZ received_VVN on_II arrival_NN1 by_II the_AT Deputy_NN1 Lieutenant_NN1 for_IF Hampshire_NP1 (_( Captain_NN1 MPR_NP1 Boyle_NP1 )_) ._. 
Her_APPGE Royal_JJ Highness_NN1 ,_, President_NN1 of_IO the_AT Royal_JJ Yachting_NN1 Association_NN1 ,_, attended_VVD the_AT 1.3_MC Litre_NNU1 World_NN1 Powerboat_NN1 Championships_NN2 and_CC opened_VVD the_AT Southampton_NP1 Vessel_NN1 Traffic_NN1 Services_NN2 Centre_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Princess_NN1 Royal_JJ travelled_VVN in_II an_AT1 aircraft_NN of_IO The_AT Queen_NN1 's_GE Flight_NN1 ._. 
Major_NNB Nicholas_NP1 Barne_NP1 was_VBDZ in_II attendance._NNU 1_MC1 October_NPM1 :_: The_AT Prince_NN1 of_IO Wales_NP1 attended_VVD a_AT1 service_NN1 in_II Dornoch_NP1 Cathedral_NN1 to_TO celebrate_VVI the_AT 750th_MD anniversary_NN1 of_IO Dornoch_NP1 Cathedral_NN1 Parish_NN1 ._. 
Subsequently_RR ,_, His_APPGE Royal_JJ Highness_NN1 visited_VVD the_AT Lawson_NP1 Memorial_NN1 Hospital_NN1 ,_, Golspie_NP1 ._. 
Commander_NNB Richard_NP1 Aylard_NP1 RN_NP1 was_VBDZ in_II attendance._NNU 1_MC1 October_NPM1 :_: The_AT Princess_NN1 Royal_JJ ,_, Patron_NN1 ,_, Royal_JJ Lymington_NP1 Yacht_NN1 Club_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 morning_NNT1 attended_VVD the_AT X_ZZ1 One-Design_NP1 Class_NN1 Division_NN1 Invitation_NN1 Race_NN1 at_II Lymington_NP1 ,_, Hampshire_NP1 and_CC was_VBDZ received_VVN on_II arrival_NN1 by_II the_AT Vice-Commodore_NN1 (_( Mr_NNB John_NP1 Guillaume_NP1 )_) ._. 
Her_APPGE Royal_JJ Highness_NN1 travelled_VVN in_II an_AT1 aircraft_NN of_IO The_AT Queen_NN1 's_GE Flight_NN1 ._. 
ROYAL_JJ ENGAGEMENTS_NN2 The_AT Princess_NN1 of_IO Wales_NP1 ,_, Patron_NN1 ,_, Help_VV0 the_AT Aged_JJ ,_, attends_VVZ the_AT annual_JJ council_NN1 meeting_NN1 of_IO HelpAge_NP1 International_JJ at_II 77_MC Crouch_NN1 End_NN1 Hill_NN1 ,_, London_NP1 N8_FO ._. 
The_AT Princess_NN1 Royal_JJ opens_VVZ the_AT new_JJ Hassy_JJ Carrot_NN1 Growers_NN2 '_GE New_JJ Packhouse_NN1 at_II Whitehall_NP1 Farm_NN1 ,_, Iselham_NP1 ,_, Cambridgeshire_NP1 ;_; visits_NN2 Lincolnshire_NP1 ;_; opens_VVZ the_AT new_JJ George_NP1 Adams_NP1 and_CC Sons_NN2 Factory_NN1 at_II Spalding_NP1 ;_; visits_VVZ the_AT recording_NN1 studios_NN2 of_IO the_AT National_JJ Tape_NN1 Magazine_NN1 for_IF the_AT Blind_JJ at_II Lilac_JJ Cottage_NN1 ,_, New_JJ Bolingbroke_NN1 ;_; as_CSA President_NN1 ,_, National_JJ Agricultural_JJ Centre_NN1 Rural_JJ Trust_NN1 ,_, opens_VVZ a_AT1 new_JJ housing_NN1 development_NN1 at_II Mareham-le-Fen_NP1 ;_; opens_VVZ the_AT extension_NN1 to_II Kirkby_NP1 on_II Bain_FW Church_NN1 of_IO England_NP1 Primary_JJ School_NN1 ;_; and_CC this_DD1 evening_NNT1 ,_, as_CSA Patron_NN1 ,_, College_NN1 of_IO Occupational_JJ Therapists_NN2 ,_, attends_VVZ a_AT1 reception_NN1 and_CC dinner_NN1 at_II St_NP1 James_NP1 's_GE Palace_NN1 ._. 
The_AT Duke_NN1 of_IO Kent_NP1 ,_, Vice_JJ Chairman_NN1 of_IO the_AT British_JJ Overseas_JJ Board_NN1 ,_, visits_VVZ Sweden_NP1 and_CC Finland_NP1 ._. 
The_AT Duchess_NN1 of_IO Kent_NP1 ,_, as_CSA Patron_NN1 ,_, attends_VVZ the_AT launch_NN1 of_IO Cancer_NN1 Relief_NN1 Macmillan_NP1 Fund_NN1 's_GE leaflet_NN1 '_GE Help_NN1 is_VBZ There_RL '_VBZ as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Europe_NP1 Against_II Cancer_NN1 Year_NNT1 at_II London_NP1 Weekend_NNT1 Television_NN1 ,_, South_ND1 Bank_NN1 Television_NN1 Centre_NN1 ,_, London_NP1 SE1_FO ._. 
Appointments_NN2 By_II JOHN_NP1 LICHFIELD_NP1 Maj-Gen_NNB Sir_NP1 Christopher_NP1 Airy_JJ ,_, to_TO be_VBI Private_JJ Secretary_NN1 to_II The_AT Prince_NN1 and_CC Princess_NN1 of_IO Wales_NP1 ,_, in_II succession_NN1 to_II Sir_NNB John_NP1 Riddell_NP1 ._. 
Mr_NNB BGJ_NP1 Canty_NP1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI Governor_NN1 of_IO Anguilla_NP1 ,_, in_II succession_NN1 to_II Mr_NNB GO_VV0 Whittaker_NN1 ._. 
Admiral_NNB Sir_NNB Derek_NP1 Reffell_NP1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI Governor_NN1 and_CC Commander-in-Chief_NN1 ,_, Gibraltar_NP1 ,_, in_II succession_NN1 to_II Air_NN1 Chief-Marshal_NP1 Sir_NNB Peter_NP1 Terry_NP1 ._. 
Mr_NNB Christopher_NP1 Starns_NP1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI secretary_NN1 of_IO the_AT British_JJ Importers_NN2 Confederation_NN1 ._. 
Mr_NNB Angus_NP1 Stewart_NP1 Macdonald_NP1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 Crown_NN1 Estate_NN1 Commissioner_NN1 ,_, in_II succession_NN1 to_II Sir_NNB Iain_NP1 Mark_NP1 Tennant_NP1 ._. 
Mr_NNB Oscar_NP1 Henry_NP1 Colburn_NP1 ,_, and_CC Mr_NNB John_NP1 Nigel_NP1 Courtenay_NP1 James_NP1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI re-appointed_VVN ._. 
Anniversaries_NN2 By_II JOHN_NP1 LICHFIELD_NP1 On_II this_DD1 day_NNT1 :_: Saladin_NP1 entered_VVD Jerusalem_NP1 ,_, 1187_MC ;_; the_AT Duke_NN1 of_IO York_NP1 captured_VVD Alkmaar_NP1 in_II the_AT Netherlands_NP1 ,_, 1799_MC ;_; Rome_NP1 became_VVD the_AT capital_NN1 city_NN1 of_IO Italy_NP1 ,_, 1870_MC ;_; Brigham_NP1 Young_NP1 ,_, Mormon_JJ leader_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ arrested_VVN for_IF bigamy_NN1 ,_, 1871_MC ;_; the_AT first_MD Royal_JJ Naval_JJ submarine_NN1 was_VBDZ launched_VVN at_II Barrow_NP1 ,_, 1901_MC ;_; the_AT first_MD rugby_NN1 football_NN1 match_NN1 was_VBDZ played_VVN at_II Twickenham_NP1 ,_, 1909_MC ;_; Italy_NP1 invaded_VVD Ethiopia_NP1 ,_, 1935_MC ;_; the_AT liner_NN1 Empress_NN1 of_IO Britain_NP1 ,_, bound_VVN for_IF Canada_NP1 with_IW refugees_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ sunk_VVN ,_, 1940_MC ;_; the_AT British_JJ Council_NN1 received_VVD a_AT1 Royal_JJ Charter_NN1 ,_, 1940_MC ;_; 338_MC people_NN died_VVD when_RRQ the_AT Queen_NNB Mary_NP1 liner_NN1 collided_VVN with_IW the_AT British_JJ cruiser_NN1 Curacao_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ sank_VVD off_II the_AT coast_NN1 of_IO Donegal_NP1 ,_, 1942_MC ;_; a_AT1 new_JJ island_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 volcano_NN1 at_II the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, appeared_VVD off_II Fayal_NP1 Island_NNL1 ,_, Azores_NP2 1957_MC ;_; Guinea_NP1 became_VVD an_AT1 independent_JJ republic_NN1 ,_, 1958_MC ;_; the_AT first_MD London_NP1 performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT musical_JJ show_NN1 Promises_NN2 ,_, Promises_NN2 was_VBDZ presented_VVN ,_, 1968_MC ._. 
Birthdays_NN2 Gazette_NN1 Page_NN1 24_MC Obituary_NN1 :_: Jean-Louis_NP1 Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 By_II PATRICK_NP1 MARNHAM_NP1 THE_AT HIGHPOINT_NN1 of_IO the_AT life_NN1 of_IO Jean-Louis_NP1 Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 came_VVD in_II 1968_MC when_RRQ ,_, against_II all_DB odds_NN2 ,_, he_PPHS1 saved_VVD the_AT mutinous_JJ General_NNB Raoul_NP1 Salan_NP1 (_( head_NN1 of_IO the_AT Organisation_NN1 de_NP1 L'Armee_NP1 Secrete_VV0 )_) from_II an_AT1 expected_JJ death_NN1 sentence_NN1 for_IF treason_NN1 ._. 
With_IW his_APPGE deep_JJ voice_NN1 ,_, crumpled_JJ face_NN1 ,_, huge_JJ nose_NN1 and_CC ears_NN2 and_CC streak_NN1 of_IO cruelty_NN1 ,_, Maitre_NP1 Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 willingly_RR symbolised_VVN all_DB that_DD1 was_VBDZ most_RGT demonic_JJ about_II France_NP1 's_GE extreme_JJ right_NN1 ._. 
After_CS a_AT1 brilliant_JJ student_NN1 career_NN1 at_II the_AT Sorbonne_NP1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ called_VVN to_II the_AT Paris_NP1 Bar_NN1 in_II 1926_MC ._. 
He_PPHS1 started_VVD in_II political_JJ life_NN1 as_CSA he_PPHS1 meant_VVD to_TO go_VVI on_RP ,_, sympathising_VVG with_IW '_GE Action_NN1 Francaise_FW '_GE and_CC making_VVG his_APPGE first_MD political_JJ gesture_NN1 at_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 26_MC as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT threatening_JJ ,_, right-wing_JJ mob_NN1 who_PNQS were_VBDR driven_VVN back_RP by_II police_NN2 gunfire_NN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 tried_VVD to_TO storm_VVI the_AT Chamber_NN1 of_IO Deputies_NN2 in_II February_NPM1 1934_MC ._. 
In_II July_NPM1 1940_MC ,_, following_VVG France_NP1 's_GE military_JJ defeat_NN1 and_CC occupation_NN1 by_II the_AT German_JJ army_NN1 ,_, Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT majority_NN1 of_IO deputies_NN2 who_PNQS abolished_VVD the_AT Third_MD Republic_NN1 and_CC voted_VVD plenary_JJ powers_NN2 to_II Marshal_NNB Petain_NP1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ appointed_VVN to_II the_AT post_NN1 of_IO '_GE Deputy_NN1 Secretary-General_NN1 of_IO Information_NN1 '_GE in_II the_AT Vichy_NP1 regime_NN1 but_CCB resigned_VVD in_II January_NPM1 1941_MC ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ briefly_RR interned_VVN by_II the_AT Germans_NN2 in_II Tunis_NP1 ,_, then_RT liberated_VVN by_II the_AT Americans_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 ended_VVD the_AT War_NN1 holding_VVG both_DB2 the_AT Croix_NN31 de_NN32 Guerre_NN33 and_CC the_AT petainiste_NN1 decoration_NN1 ,_, the_AT '_GE francisque_NN1 '_GE ._. 
In_II 1945_MC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ arrested_VVN by_II the_AT new_JJ government_NN1 and_CC tried_VVD for_IF collaborating_VVG ._. 
This_DD1 charge_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI proved_VVN but_CCB the_AT military_JJ tribunal_NN1 condemned_VVD him_PPHO1 to_II 10_MC years_NNT2 absence_NN1 from_II public_JJ life_NN1 ._. 
Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 emerged_VVD from_II this_DD1 period_NN1 of_IO enforced_JJ reflection_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 deep_JJ loathing_NN1 for_IF General_NNB de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 and_CC when_RRQ he_PPHS1 returned_VVD to_II politics_NN1 in_II 1955_MC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT architects_NN2 of_IO the_AT revival_NN1 of_IO the_AT extreme_JJ right_NN1 ,_, using_VVG the_AT popular_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO '_GE Algerie_NP1 Francaise_FW '_GE as_II a_AT1 rallying_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 
When_CS those_DD2 who_PNQS fomented_VVD civil_JJ war_NN1 in_II Algeria_NP1 were_VBDR brought_VVN to_II trial_NN1 ,_, Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 was_VBDZ the_AT natural_JJ choice_NN1 to_TO defend_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 
Four_MC of_IO his_APPGE clients_NN2 were_VBDR executed_VVN ,_, including_II Lt_NNB Degueldre_NP1 ,_, head_NN1 of_IO the_AT Delta_NN1 Commando_NN1 and_CC Col_NNB Jean-Marie_NP1 Bastien-Thiry_NN1 who_PNQS nearly_RR succeeded_VVN in_II blowing_VVG up_RP General_NNB de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE wife_NN1 at_II Petit-Clamart_NP1 in_II 1962_MC ._. 
As_CSA their_APPGE advocate_NN1 ,_, Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 had_VHD to_TO accompany_VVI these_DD2 four_MC officers_NN2 to_II the_AT firing_NN1 squad_NN1 ,_, thus_RR witnessing_VVG a_AT1 fate_NN1 which_DDQ might_VM have_VHI been_VBN his_APPGE own_DA in_II 1945_MC ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ appalled_VVN by_II the_AT experience_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 subsequently_RR popularised_VVD his_APPGE political_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, the_AT '_GE Rassemblement_NN1 National_JJ '_GE with_IW the_AT memorable_JJ slogan_NN1 '_GE Against_II de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 and_CC Communism_NN1 '_GE ._. 
During_II the_AT treason_NN1 trials_NN2 Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 became_VVD notorious_JJ for_IF a_AT1 tactic_NN1 known_VVN as_98 '_GE the_AT defence_NN1 of_IO blackmail_NN1 '_GE when_CS he_PPHS1 repeatedly_RR threatened_VVN to_TO call_VVI eminent_JJ witnesses_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 General_NNB de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 and_CC the_AT Prime_JJ Minister_NN1 Michel_NP1 Debre_NP1 ,_, hinting_VVG that_CST they_PPHS2 too_RR were_VBDR involved_JJ in_II criminal_JJ plots_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 pulled_VVD this_DD1 trick_NN1 once_RR too_RG often_RR against_II Debre_NP1 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ horrified_VVN one_MC1 morning_NNT1 to_TO see_VVI the_AT Prime_JJ Minister_NN1 sitting_VVG in_II the_AT witness_NN1 box_NN1 ,_, waiting_VVG to_TO be_VBI cross-examined_JJ ._. 
Since_CS Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 did_VDD not_XX actually_RR have_VHI any_DD questions_NN2 to_TO ask_VVI him_PPHO1 he_PPHS1 decided_VVD to_TO bluff_VVI it_PPH1 out_RP to_II the_AT end_NN1 ._. 
'_" You_PPY are_VBR Michel_NP1 Debre_NP1 ,_, '_" he_PPHS1 said_VVD in_II his_APPGE most_RGT sardonic_JJ tones_NN2 ._. 
'_" That_DD1 is_VBZ correct_JJ ._. 
'_GE 'You_NNU are_VBR (_( even_RR more_RGR menacingly_RR )_) the_AT Prime_JJ Minister_NN1 of_IO France_NP1 ._. 
'_GE 'Yes_NN2 '_GE ._. 
Long_JJ pause_NN1 ._. 
'_GE Thank-you_NN1 very_RG much_DA1 ._. 
No_AT more_DAR questions_NN2 '_GE ._. 
End_NN1 of_IO the_AT defence_NN1 of_IO blackmail_NN1 ._. 
Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 's_GE success_NN1 in_II retricting_VVG General_JJ Salan_NN1 's_GE punishment_NN1 to_II life_NN1 imprisonment_NN1 in_II 1968_MC so_RG angered_JJ President_NN1 de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 that_CST he_PPHS1 considered_VVD resignation_NN1 ._. 
By_II then_RT '_GE Tixier_NP1 '_GE had_VHD taken_VVN his_APPGE anti-Gaullist_JJ crusade_NN1 to_II the_AT point_NN1 of_IO running_VVG himself_PPX1 as_II a_AT1 presidential_JJ candidate_NN1 ._. 
Without_IW any_DD proper_JJ party_NN1 organisation_NN1 he_PPHS1 fought_VVD a_AT1 brilliant_JJ campaign_NN1 in_II 1965_MC ,_, canvassing_VVG the_AT French_NN1 throughout_II August_NPM1 '_GE on_II every_AT1 beach_NN1 from_II Dunkirk_NP1 to_II Menton_NP1 '_GE ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ eliminated_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD round_NN1 ,_, coming_VVG fourth_MD behind_II de_NP1 Gaulle_NP1 ,_, Mitterrand_NP1 and_CC Jean_NP1 Lecanuet_NP1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 promptly_RR consigned_VVD his_APPGE five_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT vote_NN1 to_II Mr_NNB Mitterrand_NP1 in_II the_AT second_MD round_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 gift_NN1 whch_NNU the_AT Socialist_JJ candidate_NN1 happily_RR accepted_VVN ._. 
With_IW the_AT death_NN1 of_IO Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 a_AT1 distinctive_JJ line_NN1 of_IO French_JJ politicians_NN2 seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI come_VVN to_II an_AT1 end_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI traced_VVN directly_RR back_RP to_II the_AT anti-Dreyfusard_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT late_JJ nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ._. 
Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 declined_VVD to_TO be_VBI described_VVN as_II '_GE anti-semitic_JJ '_GE (_( he_PPHS1 once_RR sued_VVD Sam_NP1 White_NP1 of_IO the_AT Evening_NNT1 Standard_NN1 for_IF calling_VVG him_PPHO1 this_DD1 )_) but_CCB he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ in_II no_AT danger_NN1 of_IO winning_VVG a_AT1 '_GE righteous_JJ gentile_NN1 '_GE award_NN1 ._. 
His_APPGE political_JJ heirs_NN2 include_VV0 Jean_NP1 Marie_NP1 Le_NP1 Pen_NP1 ,_, leader_NN1 of_IO the_AT '_GE Front_JJ National_JJ '_GE and_CC the_AT left-wing_JJ advocate_NN1 Maitre_NP1 Jacques_NP1 Verges_NN2 who_PNQS attempted_VVD to_TO revive_VVI the_AT '_GE defence_NN1 of_IO blackmail_NN1 '_GE during_II the_AT 1987_MC trial_NN1 of_IO the_AT SS_NP1 officer_NN1 Klaus_NP1 Barbie_NP1 ._. 
But_CCB neither_DD1 of_IO them_PPHO2 can_VM match_VVI the_AT pungency_NN1 of_IO the_AT original_JJ ,_, an_AT1 atmosphere_NN1 of_IO beaujolais_NN1 ,_, cigars_NN2 and_CC malevolence_NN1 ,_, and_CC of_IO political_JJ or_CC legal_JJ plots_NN2 being_VBG brewed_VVN in_II the_AT all-night_JJ brasseries_NN2 of_IO Les_NP1 Halles_NP2 ._. 
Tixier-Vignancour_NP1 's_GE declared_JJ hobby_NN1 was_VBDZ collecting_VVG lead_NN1 soldiers_NN2 ._. 
Obituary_NN1 :_: Virgil_NP1 Thomson_NP1 By_II PETER_NP1 DICKINSON_NP1 VIRGIL_NP1 THOMSON_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 composer_NN1 and_CC writer_NN1 of_IO originality_NN1 ,_, courage_NN1 and_CC wit_NN1 formed_VVN by_II a_AT1 unique_JJ mixture_NN1 of_IO American_JJ and_CC French_JJ influences_NN2 ._. 
Thomson_NP1 was_VBDZ born_VVN in_II Kansas_NP1 City_NN1 in_II 1896_MC ,_, studied_VVN at_II Harvard_NP1 ,_, and_CC then_RT mostly_RR lived_VVN in_II Paris_NP1 until_II 1940_MC ._. 
His_APPGE Missouri_NP1 childhood_NN1 gave_VVD him_PPHO1 access_NN1 to_II Baptist_JJ hymns_NN2 and_CC church_NN1 music_NN1 ,_, but_CCB at_II Harvard_NP1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ introduced_VVN to_II the_AT writings_NN2 of_IO Gertrude_NP1 Stein_NP1 and_CC the_AT music_NN1 of_IO Erik_NP1 Satie_NP1 ._. 
These_DD2 influences_NN2 laid_VVD the_AT foundations_NN2 for_IF the_AT blend_NN1 of_IO the_AT naive_JJ and_CC the_AT sophisticated_JJ which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT hallmark_NN1 of_IO Thomson_NP1 's_GE maturity_NN1 ._. 
Like_II many_DA2 young_JJ American_JJ composers_NN2 he_PPHS1 studied_VVD with_IW Nadia_NP1 Boulanger_NP1 ,_, but_CCB after_II 1925_MC set_VVD out_RP to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT '_GE discipline_NN1 of_IO spontaneity_NN1 '_GE which_DDQ he_PPHS1 found_VVD in_II Stein_NP1 's_GE writings_NN2 ._. 
When_CS he_PPHS1 collaborated_VVD directly_RR with_IW her_PPHO1 in_II opera_NN1 the_AT result_NN1 was_VBDZ of_IO historical_JJ significance_NN1 ._. 
First_MD came_VVD Four_MC Saints_NN2 in_II Three_MC Acts_NN2 ,_, produced_VVN in_II 1934_MC ,_, and_CC then_RT The_AT Mother_NN1 of_IO Us_PPIO2 All_RR (_( 1947_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 new_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO plotless_JJ opera_NN1 only_RR now_RT reaching_VVG a_AT1 wider_JJR currency_NN1 through_II the_AT stage_NN1 works_NN of_IO Philip_NP1 Glass_NP1 ._. 
In_II Four_MC Saints_NN2 Thomson_NP1 's_GE informality_NN1 was_VBDZ given_VVN free_JJ reign_NN1 since_CS he_PPHS1 first_MD of_IO all_DB improvised_VVD the_AT music_NN1 at_II the_AT piano_NN1 then_RT ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 stuck_VVD ,_, wrote_VVD it_PPH1 down_RP to_II a_AT1 figured_VVN bass_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 said_VVD :_: '_" I_PPIS1 had_VHD wondered_VVN whether_CSW a_AT1 piece_NN1 so_RR drenched_VVN in_II Anglican_JJ chant_NN1 (_( running_VVG from_II Gilbert_NP1 and_CC Sullivan_NP1 to_II Morning_NNT1 Prayer_NN1 and_CC back_NN1 )_) could_VM rise_VVI and_CC sail_VVI ._. 
'_GE But_CCB the_AT resulting_JJ mixture_NN1 of_IO hymns_NN2 ,_, folksy_JJ tunes_NN2 and_CC recitatives_NN2 at_II times_NNT2 of_IO intoxicating_JJ banality_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 sensation_NN1 ._. 
The_AT opera_NN1 ,_, like_II Gershwin_NP1 's_GE Porgy_NP1 and_CC Bess_NP1 the_AT following_JJ year_NNT1 ,_, used_VVD an_AT1 all-Black_JJ cast_NN1 and_CC the_AT staging_NN1 and_CC choreography_NN1 gave_VVD it_PPH1 a_AT1 British_JJ connection_NN1 since_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ by_II Frederick_NP1 Ashton_NP1 ._. 
The_AT Mother_NN1 of_IO Us_PPIO2 All_DB shows_VVZ more_DAR continuity_NN1 ,_, but_CCB again_RT much_RR depends_VVZ upon_II production_NN1 in_II what_DDQ is_VBZ still_RR a_AT1 largely_RR non-narrative_JJ opera_NN1 ._. 
In_II 1936_MC ,_, three_MC years_NNT2 before_II Aaron_NP1 Copland_NP1 ,_, Thomson_NP1 started_VVD writing_VVG film_NN1 scores_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR a_AT1 model_NN1 of_IO unobtrusive_JJ clarity_NN1 and_CC pertinence_NN1 ,_, combining_VVG American_JJ materials_NN2 to_TO suit_VVI documentaries_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 The_AT Plow_NN1 that_CST Broke_VVD the_AT Plains_NN2 and_CC The_AT River_NN1 with_IW the_AT musique_JJ d'ameublement_NN1 approach_NN1 of_IO Satie_NP1 ._. 
His_APPGE score_NN1 for_IF the_AT film_NN1 Louisiana_NP1 Story_NN1 was_VBDZ awarded_VVN the_AT Pulitzer_NP1 Prize_NN1 in_II 1948_MC ._. 
Another_DD1 response_NN1 to_II a_AT1 visual_JJ stimulus_NN1 was_VBDZ Thomson_NP1 's_GE series_NN of_IO musical_JJ portraits_NN2 of_IO people_NN such_II21 as_II22 Picasso_NP1 and_CC Aaron_NP1 Copland_NP1 ._. 
The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 was_VBDZ written_VVN in_II 1928_MC and_CC they_PPHS2 number_VV0 about_RG 150_MC ._. 
Just_RR as_CSA Thomson_NP1 transferred_VVD Stein_NP1 's_GE literary_JJ abstraction_NN1 to_II music_NN1 ,_, so_RR these_DD2 portraits_NN2 unusually_RR employ_VV0 the_AT painter_NN1 's_GE technique_NN1 of_IO drawing_VVG the_AT sitter_NN1 from_II life_NN1 :_: an_AT1 ideal_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO Thomson_NP1 's_GE habit_NN1 of_IO immediate_JJ response_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 actual_JJ subject_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR terse_JJ and_CC sharply_RR etched_VVN ,_, like_II the_AT best_JJT line_NN1 drawings_NN2 ._. 
Thomson_NP1 could_VM control_VVI words_NN2 with_IW the_AT same_DA fastidiousness_NN1 as_CSA notes_NN2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 always_RR felt_VVD that_CST effective_JJ musical_JJ criticism_NN1 began_VVD by_II being_VBG well_RR written_VVN ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 never_RR lost_VVD his_APPGE liveliness_NN1 ._. 
One_PN1 never_RR quite_RR knew_VVD what_DDQ he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ going_VVGK to_TO say_VVI next_MD ._. 
He_PPHS1 started_VVD by_II writing_VVG occasional_JJ articles_NN2 but_CCB in_II 1939_MC he_PPHS1 wrote_VVD The_AT State_NN1 of_IO Music_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 trenchant_NN1 and_CC provocative_JJ assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT machinery_NN1 of_IO the_AT musical_JJ profession_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 
From_II 1940_MC to_II 1954_MC he_PPHS1 wrote_VVD regularly_RR for_IF the_AT New_NP1 York_NP1 Herald_NP1 Tribune_NN1 and_CC four_MC volumes_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE notices_NN2 have_VH0 appeared_VVN in_II book_NN1 form_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 wrote_VVD a_AT1 fulsome_JJ 400-page_JJ autobiography_NN1 ,_, characteristically_RR entitled_VVN Virgil_NP1 Thomson_NP1 on_II Virgil_NP1 Thomson_NP1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 personal_JJ survey_NN1 ,_, American_JJ Music_NN1 since_II 1910_MC ,_, appeared_VVD in_II 1972_MC ,_, followed_VVD recently_RR by_II a_AT1 selected_JJ edition_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE letters_NN2 ._. 
As_CSA both_RR composer_NN1 and_CC critic_NN1 he_PPHS1 touched_VVD both_DB2 sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT coin_NN1 :_: A_AT1 climate_NN1 of_IO receptivity_NN1 is_VBZ what_DDQ the_AT artist_NN1 most_DAT desires_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 thing_NN1 that_CST even_RR the_AT most_RGT experienced_JJ reviewer_NN1 can_VM not_XX always_RR offer_VVI ._. 
Thomson_NP1 's_GE judgements_NN2 about_II music_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX always_RR as_RG accurate_JJ as_CSA his_APPGE confident_JJ expression_NN1 implied_VVD :_: he_PPHS1 invited_VVD discussion_NN1 ._. 
Above_II all_DB he_PPHS1 restored_VVD the_AT focus_NN1 of_IO music_NN1 criticism_NN1 onto_II the_AT music_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 made_VVD no_AT secret_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE Francophile_NN1 enthusiasms_NN2 ,_, in_II reaction_NN1 to_II the_AT earlier_JJR domination_NN1 of_IO American_JJ music_NN1 by_II Germans_NN2 ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD writers_NN2 to_TO register_VVI the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO jazz_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 fearlessly_RR attacked_VVD convention_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ caused_VVD problems_NN2 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 pitched_VVD into_II established_JJ reputations_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ become_VVN increasingly_RR apparent_JJ that_CST Thomson_NP1 belonged_VVD to_II the_AT American_JJ experimental_JJ tradition_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 anticipated_VVD some_DD of_IO the_AT enthusiasms_NN2 of_IO John_NP1 Cage_NN1 ,_, whom_PNQO he_PPHS1 first_MD met_VVN in_II 1941_MC ._. 
A_AT1 few_DA2 years_NNT2 later_RRR Thomson_NP1 recognised_JJ Cage_NN1 as_58 '_GE the_AT most_RGT original_JJ composer_NN1 in_II America_NP1 ,_, if_CS not_XX the_AT world_NN1 ..._... '_GE and_CC Cage_NN1 repaid_VVD the_AT compliment_NN1 by_II writing_VVG the_AT works_NN section_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 monograph_NN1 on_II Thomson_NP1 ._. 
But_CCB finally_RR ,_, in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 their_APPGE common_JJ roots_NN2 in_II Satie_NP1 and_CC Stein_NP1 ,_, Thomson_NP1 felt_VVD that_DD1 Cage_NN1 's_GE aesthetic_JJ was_VBDZ destructive_JJ ._. 
Thomson_NP1 's_GE songs_NN2 contain_VV0 some_DD of_IO his_APPGE finest_JJT work_NN1 ._. 
There_EX are_VBR Stein_NP1 settings_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 '_GE Portrait_NN1 of_IO FB_NP1 '_GE ,_, but_CCB also_RR cycles_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 Five_MC Songs_NN2 from_II William_NP1 Blake_NP1 ,_, Prayers_NN2 and_CC Praises_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 cantata_NN1 based_VVN on_II poems_NN2 by_II Edward_NP1 Lear_NP1 ._. 
Thomson_NP1 was_VBDZ also_RR prolific_JJ in_II instrumental_JJ music_NN1 on_II both_RR chamber_NN1 and_CC solo_NN1 scale_NN1 ._. 
For_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 Thomson_NP1 lived_VVD in_II New_NP1 York_NP1 in_II his_APPGE apartment_NN1 at_II the_AT Chelsea_NP1 Hotel_NN1 ._. 
From_II there_RL ,_, like_II a_AT1 buzzard_NN1 in_II its_APPGE eyrie_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 would_VM make_VVI forays_NN2 round_II the_AT US_NP1 and_CC abroad_RL in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 his_APPGE advanced_JJ age_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 seemed_VVD a_AT1 genial_JJ and_CC indestructible_JJ landmark_NN1 in_II the_AT history_NN1 of_IO American_JJ music_NN1 ,_, in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 defective_JJ hearing_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD bothered_VVN him_PPHO1 since_CS the_AT late_JJ Seventies_MC2 ._. 
He_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 photograph_NN1 of_IO himself_PPX1 on_II his_APPGE postcards_NN2 and_CC he_PPHS1 signed_VVD his_APPGE letters_NN2 following_VVG the_AT original_JJ tailpiece_NN1 '_GE everbest_JJT '_GE ._. 
Thomson_NP1 came_VVD from_II a_AT1 generation_NN1 of_IO American_JJ composers_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD to_TO find_VVI its_APPGE own_DA way_NN1 without_IW benefit_NN1 of_IO university_NN1 patronage_NN1 ._. 
In_II that_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO free_JJ market_NN1 he_PPHS1 thrived_VVD and_CC survived_VVD and_CC so_RR will_VM the_AT best_JJT of_IO his_APPGE work_NN1 ._. 
Obituary_NN1 :_: Thomas_NP1 Keller_NP1 By_II HUGH_NP1 MATHESON_NP1 THOMI_NP1 KELLER_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT outstanding_JJ figure_NN1 in_II the_AT history_NN1 of_IO international_JJ rowing_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ President_NN1 of_IO FISA_NP1 (_( Federation_NN1 Internationale_NP1 des_NP1 Societes_NP1 d'Aviron_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT world_NN1 governing_JJ body_NN1 ,_, for_IF 30_MC years_NNT2 ;_; and_CC most_DAT of_IO this_DD1 body_NN1 's_GE attitudes_NN2 and_CC practices_NN2 reflect_VV0 the_AT force_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE strict_JJ ,_, but_CCB genial_JJ personality_NN1 ._. 
Most_DAT athletes_NN2 first_MD encountered_VVN him_PPHO1 as_II a_AT1 voice_NN1 ,_, bellowing_VVG in_II multi-lingual_JJ fury_NN1 at_II officials_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD broken_VVN rules_NN2 or_CC arrangements_NN2 designed_VVN to_TO make_VVI racing_VVG safer_RRR or_CC more_RGR fair_JJ ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ elected_VVN to_TO succeed_VVI Gaston_NP1 Mullegg_NP1 as_CSA President_NN1 of_IO FISA_NN1 when_CS he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 33_MC and_CC still_RR competing_VVG in_II the_AT Swiss_JJ rowing_NN1 team_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 did_VDD not_XX loosen_VVI his_APPGE links_NN2 with_IW the_AT athletes_NN2 when_CS projected_VVN upwards_RL into_II the_AT Presidency_NN1 ._. 
Provided_CS their_APPGE behaviour_NN1 was_VBDZ sportsmanlike_JJ and_CC safe_JJ ,_, oarsmen_NN2 found_VVD only_JJ encouragement_NN1 and_CC humour_NN1 from_II a_AT1 President_NN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ always_RR among_II them_PPHO2 ._. 
Keller_NP1 's_GE Zurich_NP1 upbringing_NN1 made_VVD him_PPHO1 into_II a_AT1 skiier_JJR and_CC sculler_NN1 ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 raced_VVD for_IF the_AT Grasshopper_NN1 club_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 competed_VVD for_IF the_AT Swiss_JJ cross-country_JJ and_CC ski-jumping_JJ team_NN1 at_II the_AT Student_NN1 Winter_NNT1 Games_NN2 and_CC later_RRR concentrated_VVN on_II single_NN1 sculls_VVZ ._. 
In_II 1950_MC ,_, he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ Swiss_JJ sculls_VVZ champion_NN1 and_CC finished_VVD third_MD in_II the_AT European_JJ championships_NN2 before_II moving_VVG to_II Manila_NP1 to_TO work_VVI for_IF his_APPGE family_NN1 's_GE private_JJ multinational_JJ company_NN1 ,_, Eduard_NP1 Keller_NP1 Ltd_JJ ,_, for_IF four_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
On_II his_APPGE return_NN1 ,_, Keller_NP1 was_VBDZ Swiss_JJ champion_NN1 again_RT in_II 1955_MC and_CC was_VBDZ bitterly_RR disappointed_JJ when_CS the_AT Swiss_JJ chose_VVD to_TO boycott_VVI the_AT 1956_MC Olympics_NN2 after_II the_AT Russian_JJ intervention_NN1 in_II Hungary_NP1 ._. 
FISA_NP1 was_VBDZ then_RT a_AT1 relatively_RR unimportant_JJ body_NN1 which_DDQ organised_VVD European_JJ and_CC other_JJ championships_NN2 and_CC participated_VVD in_II the_AT running_NN1 of_IO Olympic_JJ regattas_NN2 ._. 
As_II a_AT1 rich_JJ ,_, forceful_JJ young_JJ man_NN1 ,_, Keller_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN earmarked_VVN as_II a_AT1 likely_JJ future_JJ president_NN1 ,_, even_RR before_II Mullegg_NP1 was_VBDZ killed_VVN in_II an_AT1 aircrash_NN1 in_II 1958_MC ._. 
Rowing_NN1 was_VBDZ transformed_VVN in_II the_AT breadth_NN1 and_CC depth_NN1 of_IO participation_NN1 over_II the_AT 30_MC years_NNT2 of_IO his_APPGE term_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 sat_VVD on_II the_AT appropriate_JJ boards_NN2 of_IO the_AT International_JJ Olympic_JJ Committee_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ President_NN1 of_IO the_AT General_JJ Assembly_NN1 of_IO International_JJ Sports_NN2 Federations_NN2 for_IF 17_MC years_NNT2 ._. 
These_DD2 positions_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX held_VVN for_IF his_APPGE own_DA status_NN1 but_CCB to_TO promote_VVI the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO rowing_NN1 where_CS it_PPH1 needed_VVD clout_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 successfully_RR defended_VVD rowing_NN1 as_II an_AT1 Olympic_JJ sport_NN1 and_CC in_II 1976_MC introduced_JJ women_NN2 's_GE events_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 now_RT expanded_VVN to_II six_MC classes_NN2 ._. 
His_APPGE personal_JJ preference_NN1 for_IF sculling_VVG over_II rowing_NN1 assisted_VVD the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO quadruple_NN1 sculls_VVZ to_II world_NN1 championship_NN1 and_CC Olympic_JJ competition_NN1 ._. 
Keller_NP1 was_VBDZ made_VVN a_AT1 Steward_NN1 of_IO Henley_NP1 Royal_JJ Regatta_NN1 in_II 1976_MC ,_, a_AT1 time_NNT1 when_RRQ the_AT proliferation_NN1 of_IO new_JJ six-lane_NN1 ,_, still-water_JJ courses_NN2 around_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD emerged_VVN under_II his_APPGE guidance_NN1 ,_, seemed_VVD a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II the_AT regatta_NN1 founded_VVN in_II 1829_MC ._. 
But_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT spirit_NN1 of_IO Henley_NP1 ,_, with_IW huge_JJ crowds_NN2 enjoying_VVG amateur_JJ sport_NN1 ,_, presented_VVN with_IW administrative_JJ finesse_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ Keller_NP1 took_VVD as_II the_AT yardstick_NN1 for_IF the_AT international_JJ circuit_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 loved_VVD the_AT place_NN1 and_CC he_PPHS1 returned_VVD every_AT1 year_NNT1 to_TO play_VVI an_AT1 often_RR small_JJ part_NN1 as_CSA umpire_NN1 of_IO races_NN2 between_II undistinguished_JJ clubs_NN2 far_RR below_II the_AT Olympic_JJ standard_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ obliged_VVN to_TO administer_VVI ._. 
He_PPHS1 said_VVD this_DD1 summer_NNT1 that_CST as_CSA he_PPHS1 gradually_RR wound_VVN down_RP his_APPGE involvement_NN1 in_II sport_NN1 ,_, Henley_NP1 would_VM be_VBI the_AT last_MD thing_NN1 he_PPHS1 would_VM give_VVI up_RP ._. 
During_II his_APPGE term_NN1 as_CSA President_NN1 of_IO FISA_NN1 he_PPHS1 gradually_RR reduced_VVD his_APPGE role_NN1 in_II Eduard_NP1 Keller_NP1 Ltd_JJ and_CC used_VVD the_AT company_NN1 offices_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 world_NN1 headquarters_NN for_IF rowing_NN1 ._. 
The_AT sport_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT obliged_VVN to_TO find_VVI income_NN1 from_II the_AT more_RGR normal_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO television_NN1 and_CC sponsorship_NN1 ,_, to_TO replace_VVI his_PPGE largely_RR unacknowledged_JJ private_JJ patronage_NN1 ._. 
In_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 his_APPGE gift_NN1 to_II the_AT sport_NN1 ,_, Keller_NP1 was_VBDZ anxious_JJ not_XX to_TO abuse_VVI his_APPGE status_NN1 as_CSA President_NN1 and_CC never_RR went_VVD to_II a_AT1 rowing_NN1 event_NN1 unless_CS invited_VVN ._. 
Because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 ,_, he_PPHS1 had_VHD never_RR seen_VVN the_AT Oxford_NP1 and_CC Cambridge_NP1 boat_NN1 race_NN1 until_CS this_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ enthralled_VVN by_II the_AT entire_JJ proceeding_NN1 and_CC remarked_VVD that_CST only_RR the_AT English_NN1 could_VM make_VVI a_AT1 contest_NN1 between_II two_MC crews_NN2 which_DDQ would_VM not_XX rank_VVI in_II the_AT World_NN1 's_GE top_NN1 10_MC into_II a_AT1 bigger_JJR spectacle_NN1 than_CSN the_AT Olympic_JJ final_NN1 ._. 
The_AT final_JJ task_NN1 he_PPHS1 set_VVD himself_PPX1 for_IF his_APPGE Presidency_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ due_JJ to_TO end_VVI next_MD year_NNT1 ,_, was_VBDZ to_TO weed_VVI out_II21 of_II22 the_AT Regatta_NP1 calendar_NN1 all_DB the_AT rowing_NN1 courses_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI made_VVN unfair_JJ by_II the_AT wind_NN1 ._. 
He_PPHS1 had_VHD recently_RR travelled_VVN from_II Tasmania_NP1 to_II Norway_NP1 in_II31 search_II32 of_II33 the_AT perfect_JJ 2,000_MC metres_NNU2 of_IO flat_JJ water_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 blessing_NN1 that_CST ,_, in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 congratulations_NN2 on_II the_AT superb_JJ World_NN1 Championship_NN1 Regatta_NN1 at_II Bled_VVD in_II Yugoslavia_NP1 three_MC weeks_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO reply_VVI ,_, '_" Yes_UH ..._... and_CC best_RRT of_IO all_DB ,_, the_AT conditions_NN2 were_VBDR fair_RR throughout_RL '_GE ._. 
